Nest survival rates of Red-crested Cardinals increase with nest age in south-temperate forests of Argentina

نویسندگان

  • Luciano N. Segura
  • Juan C. Reboreda
چکیده

The main cause of nest mortality for most bird species is predation and nest survival rates often vary in relation to time-specific variables. Few investigators have examined time-specific patterns of nest survival in Neotropical birds, and most such studies have focused on tropical and subtropical species. To better understand agerelated patterns of nest survival, we studied nest survival of Red-crested Cardinals (Paroaria coronata, Thraupidae) in a south-temperate forest in Argentina. We modeled daily nest survival rates (DSR) using program MARK. We examined the relationship between nest age and nest survival rate, controlling for the effects of physical characteristics of nest sites and progression of the breeding season. We monitored 367 nests for a total of 4018 exposure days. We found that DSR increased with nest age and was higher in small isolated patches than in large continuous patches of forests. The increase of DSR with nest age could be a consequence of more vulnerable nests being predated early in the nesting cycle or a result of parents defending nests more vigorously as nestlings age because of their increasing reproductive value. Open areas of grassland that surrounded the small isolated patches of forests in our study may have been a barrier to predator movements, possibly explaining the lower predation rates. Nest survival rates in our study were lower than those reported for tropical or Nearctic temperate birds, but similar to those reported in other studies of Neotropical temperate birds. Reasons for the low nest survival rates of Neotropical temperate birds remain unclear, and additional studies of predator communities are needed to help elucidate this topic. RESUMEN. Las tasas de supervivencia de los nidos de Paroaria coronata aumentan con la edad del nido en los bosques sur templados de Argentina La principal causa de mortalidad de nidos para la mayoŕıa de las especies de aves es la depredación de nidos, y las tasas de supervivencia a menudo vaŕıan en relación a variables especı́ficos a ciertos tiempos del ciclo del nido. Pocos investigadores han examinado patrones de la supervivencia de nidos temporalmente especı́ficos en aves neotropicales, y la mayoŕıa de estos estudios se han concentrado en especies tropicales y subtropicales. Para entender mejor los patrones especı́ficos a la edad del nido que son relacionados a la supervivencia de los nidos, estudiamos la supervivencia de los nidos de Paroaria coronata (Thraupidae) en un bosque sur templado de Argentina. Modelamos las tasas diarias de supervivencia de los nidos utilizando el programa MARK. Examinamos la relación entre la edad y la tasa de supervivencia del nido, controlando para los efectos de las caracterı́sticas f́ısicas de los sitios de anidación y la progresión de la temporada de cŕıa. Monitoreamos 367 nidos para un total de 4018 dı́as de exposición. Encontramos que la tasa diaria de supervivencia aumentaba con la edad del nido y fue mayor en pequeños parches aislados que en grandes manchas de bosque continuo. El aumento de la tasa diaria de supervivencia con la edad del nido podŕıa ser una consecuencia de que los nidos más vulnerables fueron depredados al comienzo del ciclo de anidación, o como resultado de que los padres defienden los nidos con más fuerza a menudo que maduran los pichones, debido a su mayor valor reproductivo. Las zonas abiertas de pastizales que rodeaban los pequeños parches aislados de bosques en nuestro estudio pueden haber sido un obstáculo para los movimientos de depredadores, lo que posiblemente explique las tasas de depredación relativamente bajas. Las tasas de supervivencia de los nidos en nuestro estudio fueron inferiores a los reportados para las aves tropicales o Neártico templadas, pero similares a los reportados en otros estudios de aves neotropicales templadas. Las razones por las bajas tasas de supervivencia de nidos de aves neotropicales templadas siguen siendo desconocidas, y estudios adicionales de las comunidades de depredadores son necesarios para ayudar a dilucidar este tema.

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تاریخ انتشار 2012